Introduction
The purpose of this repair manual is to provide service
advisors and technicians with the basic knowledge needed to
ensure professional and competent procedures.
Note
Only the c
Physical Principles
The four known states of water also apply to air
conditioning system refrigerants.
1 - Gaseous (invisible)
2 - Vapor
3 - Liquid
4 - Solid
Refrigerant R134a Physical Data
Vehicle air conditioning systems make use of the
vaporization and condensation process. In this case, one works
with a substance which boils easily, designated as ref
Note
In the following description the brake caliper is removed
with the brake pads. The brake hose remains connected.
Special tools and workshop equipment
required
Torque Wrench 1332 40-200Nm -VAG1332-
Caution
This procedure contains mandatory replaceable parts.
Refer to compo
The electronic throttle control (ETC) system consists of the
accelerator-pedal module, the engine control module (ECM), and
the electronic throttle body. The electronic throttle body
mainly consists of the throttle valve, the electric
throttle-valve drive element, and the throttle-valve position